South africa- the laws and their effects essays

South africa- the laws and their effects essays In 1948, the National Party was elected with Dr. Daniel Malan as their leader in South Africa. Their policies were based on the Saur Report (1947) which ultimately worked towards full apartheid (apartness) and segregation of the different races. During 1948-1960, many apartheid laws were introduced and these confiscated the rights of all non-whites socially, residentially, politically and educationally. These legislations did not achieve grand apartheid, but with Africans making up 73% of the South African people along with 9% being Coloured and 2.8% being Asians, they had significant negative effects on the vast majority of the population. Naturally, the non-whites decided to take action against the unjust and unfair rules after many years of patience. The resistance took form in many ways, most being peaceful and non-violent, at least until the beginning of 1960s. Once in power, one of the first issues the National Party took to consideration was social segregation. They decided to deal with the closest links of all between the races- sex and marriage. The Afrikaners truly believed in racial purity and that they were God-blessed superior race. The thought of mixing the superior race and the inferior non-whites seemed disgraceful for Malan and Party. Firstly, in 1949, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was passed through the government; this made marriages between whites and non-whites illegal. But the effects of this act were not the results the government had in mind, so in 1950 a second, Immorality Act had to be passed reinforcing that all sexual relations outside marriage illegal between Whites and non-Whites. However, loopholes were found again by those who wanted to be together, but were of different race. In 1953, a 25 year old married White man was convicted to a month in jail for kissing an African girl in a parked car withou t lights, in a dark street. The girls...

The Downfall of the Tokugawa essays

The Downfall of the Tokugawa essays From years 1603 to 1869, the country of Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate. During this period of Japanese history the country suffer from a feudal military dictatorship under the rule of the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. The Feudal period in Japan, also known as the Edo period, was a time when the caste system was very firmly fixed and only the feudal lords and the samurai stood on top. Japan also became isolated because of foreign policies rejecting any offers from western nations to trade with the exception of the Dutch. Eventually due to the strict social orders and the exploitation of the peasant class by the government Japan became socially unstable. It was until the arrival of the United States naval ships led by Commodore Matthew Perry that Japan was forced to end its isolation from the western empires. This event created crisis within the country leading to the downfall of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Opposition forces in Japan used the humiliating intrusion of foreigners as an excuse to overthrow the discredited shogun and the Tokugawa bakufu. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate was a result of many events such as wars, rebellion, and treaties that caused the end of the Tokugawa rule. What factor was the most important to the fall of the Tokugawa government in Japan? Did the arrival of the American ships to the Japanese coast trigger a series of events that ended the Tokugawa rule? Or was the collapse inevitable due to the internal problems the country was facing during those times? Historians debate the importance of the events that occur during the fall of the Tokugawa but they all agree that foreign invasion, economic crisis, and revolutions are major reasons for the collapse of the feudal government. The Tokugawa Shogunate was abolished in year 1868 when the imperialist rebels defeated the shogunate forces and restored the power to the emperor of Japan. The defeat of the Tokugawa government ...

Reverse Logistics and Green Logistics Research Paper

Reverse Logistics and Green Logistics - Research Paper Example The two most recent concepts in this regard are of reverse logistics and green logistics. Organizations are taking different measures and steps in order to provide the customers with the complete solutions associated with the full life cycle of the products. For this purpose the organizations are focusing more on reverse logistics. Apart from this, the increasing emphasis on the environment protection and the government regulations have forced the organizations to implement green and sustainable supply chain practices. The activities and processes associated with reverse logistics help the organizations in the process of designing green supply chains. The recycling and refurbishment of the products result in reducing the wastage materials, thus protecting the environment. In this paper an attempt has been made to explore and understand the concepts of the reverse logistics and green logistics. For this purpose, three international organizations known for their supply chain management have been selected. These three organizations are: Wal-Mart, Cisco Systems, and Best Buy. Cisco systems and Wal-Mart recently took position in the top five international supply chains (Wailgum, 2010). Apart from the regular channels and elements of the supply chain, the organizations are now giving increasing importance to the activities related to reverse logistics. Most of the time organizations face the issues and challenges regarding the unused, failed, and returned products. The reverse logistics process is known to be composed of returning or exchanging, repairing, refurbishing, remarketing, and disposing off of the unused and failed products. This concept or phenomenon of reverse logistics is becoming popular quickly and is being perceived as an important part of the business operations of the organizations (Venkatesh, 2010). Organizations can generate considerable amount of value and